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As any marketing executive or advertiser would make perfectly clear, the look of a product is at least as important as its actual function. While the iPod might not have been the best music player in the early days of that market, its sleek, simplistic look made it appealing above and beyond any concerns for functionality.
Chris Turner of Mother Nature Network points out that the solar water heater industry is hardly immune to these same issues. Many people would love to move away from dirty power sources, reduce their carbon footprint and, above all, lower their electricity bills. That does not mean, however, they are going to ruin the look of a classic farmhouse or a chic new flat with clunky-looking solar arrays.
That was exactly the issue that Jack Donohew told Maryland solar installer SolarEnergyWorld that he encountered a decade ago when he first looked into the possibility of a rooftop solar installation. Jack’s house boasts a broad, perfectly situated south-facing roof with nothing to block its view of the sun. But that also means that little blocks the view of the water heater as well.
Fortunately for the Donohews, however, Turner notes that photovoltaic solar technology has been making strides in the world as well as the laboratory. While some of the most interesting technology remains in development, some companies have put substantial effort into producing thinner, sleeker residential solar installations that will fit inconspicuously on top of a roof.
After some discussion with SolarEnergyWorld and a thorough analysis of how much he could shave off the costs of the solar installation, Jack and his family decided on a massive 40-panel residential solar installation using some of the new all-black SunPower solar panel. At 225 watts each, the system boasts a peak capacity of 9 kilowatts. All told, the solar system produces around 12,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity each year, more than enough to cover all the power needs of the average U.S. household, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, though slightly short of the average Maryland family.
Of course, the cost of a solar installation of that size is hardly insignificant, reaching $60,175 before any solar incentives. However, the U.S. government offers a federal tax rebate worth 30 percent of the cost of solar installations, or more than $18,000 for the Donohews. Meanwhile, the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency reports that the family could see another $1,000 from a state rebate program and $5,000 from the Montgomery County property tax credit.
Between all the various solar incentives, the Donohews paid only $32,600 for their solar installation, nearly half of the original cost. Added to these savings, Maryland has created a market for solar hose renewable energy certificates, which utility companies can buy from homeowners and others with solar systems to meet state renewable energy requirements. SRECTrade reports that 2011 Maryland SRECs are currently trading for $210 per megawatt-hour.
Those rates would give the Donohews another $2,520 on top of their savings on utility bills. Through September 2011, Maryland had averaged electricity rates of 13.55 cents per kilowatt-hour, according to the EIA, so those 12,000 kilowatt-hours would mean savings of more than $1,600 each year.
This represents a slight decline in the returns the Donohews had worked out initially, meaning that the family might wait a little longer before turning a profit on the investment. Of course, the original timeline had called for the system to pay itself off in less than five years, so they likely will not mind. Meanwhile, the 13.55 cents per kilowatt-hour Maryland is paying now actually represents a slight decline from the recent peak in 2009, according to the EIA. If trends continue as they have over the past decade and prices go back up, that timeline could quickly get shorter once again.
Directors of companies in the West Midlands’ growing solar industry say the sector faces months of “paralysis” after the Government’s rush to cut subsidies was deemed to be flawed.
A High Court ruling that the reduction in Feed-in-Tariffs (FITs) – a subsidy for people who generate solar water heater on their roofs – was “legally flawed” and has hit confidence in the renewable energy industry, according to Midland firms.
Around 1,255 home solar panels were installed in Birmingham and Solihull between June 2010 and September 2011, as homeowners sought to profit from subsidies aimed at growing the solar sector.
A scathing Parliamentary report has labelled Government attempts to cut subsidies “clumsy” and directors of companies in the solar power system say they face a period in the wilderness as it is unclear whether a proposed reduction in subsidy from 43.3p/kWh to 21p/kWh will come into force.
The Government now faces having to go back to the drawing board in order to put in place a new consultation process to find a FIT more acceptable to the industry.
David Hunt, a director with Eco Environments, which designs and installs solar panel, said: “The combination of the High Court ruling and the Parliamentary report is hugely embarrassing for the Government, but nothing compared to the potential fallout for an already embattled renewable energy industry.
"How can our industry sell with confidence to potential customers when we have total uncertainty over the future feed-in-tariff rates?
“How can any businesses in this sector plan for the short term, let alone the long term, when there continues to be such a dark cloud hovering over us?
"The ruling together with the scathing Parliamentary report, holes beneath the waterline any claims that the Coalition Government is a friend of solar collector business or the environment.
“These findings have caused a dangerous period of uncertainty which the Government must move swiftly to halt.”
The Government now proposes that from April next year all homes must achieve a C-rated energy efficiency standard in order to qualify for the full feed-in-tariff subsidies.
Eco Environments, which employs 54 people and has an office in Birmingham, believes this could have a “fatal impact” on the solar energy and claims nine in ten homes do not meet this rating and bringing homes up to standard would cost between ￡5,500 and ￡12,000.
Dorridge company The Solar Pad, which fits solar systems and low energy LED lighting, is also awaiting the Government’s decision and details of the Green Deal, which will allow individuals and businesses to make energy efficiency improvements to their buildings at no upfront cost.
Managing director Graham Morrall said: “Relentless rising energy bills and the collapse of wholesale solar panel prices made the original subsidy rates so attractive that businesses and homeowners rushed to install solar panel systems.
System can achieve floor heating, solar water heater, central air conditioning (cooling) as one of the home comfort systems.
Is the use of solar + air source heat pump (or pump) can be added more auxiliary heating equipment, heat system. The system design optimization, high cost, simple structure, energy savings can reach 40% or more, is a typical program to promote universal worth.
Heating and air conditioning (shared) water tank, heating pumps, heating pipes, solar panels, when demand for heating, automatic control of electric valve AV3, AV4 open the floor to form a solar heating system. Pump (P2) is to warm the circulating pump, the solar collector to warm water directly into the plate heat exchanger. As a secondary air source heat pump heating and heat source, when the solar (sun) less than solar traffic signs, heat exchanger coil will heat the tank, so that heat can fully meet the demand for floor heating.
Solar, boiler system
The system can achieve floor heating, domestic hot water for two functions. System uses solar energy, gas wall boiler two kinds of heat, through a "flow balance tank" and the two types of heat sources and effective machine, so that the whole system automation and control, to achieve simple operation, energy saving comfort of operating results. Is a very sophisticated applications, there are more instances of similar projects.
Solar collectors heat circulation system
Pressure solar water heater , solar circulation pump, water tank, a double-disc set of tube heat exchanger coil to form a closed loop system. Solar circulating pump for medium temperature control loop operation, a dedicated media antifreeze recycling. As the temperature generated by the antifreeze antifreeze medium volume, pressure changes, need to installation of the pipeline expansion valve, safety valve, expansion tank.
Solar energy, double-wall heat boiler and machine theory
Circulatory system of the double coil solar evacuated tube, heat exchanger coil, water pump to form a loop system, the solar heat flow balance tank of water sent. Wall boiler and hot water flow balance in the mix tank. Two heat flow balance tank is a key component of the system and the machine, mixed with water heat source to play, the role of balanced distribution of traffic. To warm the water pump to warm the circulating pump, can play cycle,pressurized role. If the pump stops running, it will be heating system for comfortable temperature control. In the solar water heater, the valve can be cut off electric heating system.
All aspects of information point of view, solar water heater manufacturers of home appliances to the countryside the expectation is that all policy makers in the industry the only option. With the fourth round of solar home appliances in the dust settles, the industry most people think, four appliances to the countryside policy implementation overdraft solar market in rural areas, and to the development of the industry brought a lot of adverse effects, household appliances to the countryside after Solar rural market will further decline, the majority of the operating companies and distributors will be more difficult.
To make solar water heater companies to more accurately grasp the home appliances in rural market situation and effectively promote the health
development of the industry, the reporter interviewed several industry experts specifically on the solar industry, home appliances started to explore the changes in the hope Through expert analysis, solar energy companies and distributors can guide the correct response to market changes in 2012.
One view: At this stage, most solar companies and distributors for the adjustment policy of home appliances and home appliances of the fourth round of bidding relatively calm reaction, most were wait and see situation.
Rong-Hua Chen, general manager of the sun rain solar energy that the continuous implementation of home appliances have been three rounds of numerous solar companies in the bidding procedures and market operation process has been very much at home. Currently the implementation of the fourth round of home appliances to the countryside, many solar companies are able to do calmly.
Yang Lin, general manager of solar energy that the brilliant gold, in the actual operation of the process, home appliances encountered many problems, especially in the economically underdeveloped areas, subsidies for home appliances shall be retained by the township or grass-roots financial misappropriation and hurt the dealers interests. Standard or to vote, after all, in the current solar water heater industry, the ability to bid, related to corporate image.
Steven said Qiupei Zhong, general manager of special solar energy, home appliances continue to follow it should be said makes sense, and Shandong, Henan and Sichuan, the consumption of solar water heater market is a large province, these areas the cancellation policy of home appliances, solar energy companies will certainly have some impact, but all businesses are on the same starting line, so consider how the business or operation and adjustment.
Li Ping, general manager, said the source of bathroom cabinet, solar companies in the production costs, advertising costs, pressure, market pressure, flies and other terminal is not easy, for the appliances to the countryside, we believe that the source of solar power research and development strengths and
With the development of technology, led large screen display with its unique advantages, widely used in recreational sports, financial, securities, transportation stations, institutions and enterprises in various places, as the dissemination of information, press releases, advertising, the most common display media.
led large screen display system is the basic carrier of information transmission, bear the news, information, culture and business of real-time information dissemination tasks. Eye-catching display for the first time within the mass transfer. LED bulb at this time to give full play to its superior video features and color performance, while serving landscaping, improving the role of environmental facilities.
LED lamp can be set not only information dissemination, cultural entertainment, publicity-in-one, and as new high-tech products, with its wealth of scientific and technological content, majestic appearance of momentum, smooth display, fine color performance, can environment, adding a new vitality, set up an activity landscape. In general, led display function can be summarized into three categories:
1 video and text information dissemination
System can use video, pictures, text and other means press release, news and information, policies and regulations, weather, convenience notice, public information, emergency notices, on the above classification can be grouped according to needs, sub-part to play at the same time can be achieved at any time spots feature real-time transmission of information to provide a guarantee.
(2) and live TV
Construction as the city¡¯s LED panel lights image as window units of government work, the government can provide work for the general public and social news, the use of live modules, the system can be specified or all of the terminal at any time on broadcast television news, live video, etc.
3 Advertising
The use of led display systems, to pictures, video, text and other forms of investment and advertising broadcast advertising; can play public service ads, social media, advertising, broadcast advertising through social media, network investment for investors, to provide financial guarantees and line costs income. In the advertising process, according to the specific circumstances and needs, for different screen layout, the system built-in a variety of layout module can support up to eight split screen layout, in different regions can display different content.
With economic development, social progress, we have entered the information age. Fast, accurate and rapid transmission of information has become a necessary and sufficient conditions for effective work. Choose to reduce input costs, improve efficiency, LED lamp , it will have to achieve the required characteristics.
Screen placed in the places where persons with wide exposure, direct transmission of information and so on. While its real-time display features but also has other public media control technology can not match advantage.
In summary, the correct, rational choice to use led large screen display, you can beautify the environment, create a good design and planning style, modern environment to establish a new image, showing the world¡¯s future.
LED bulbs are the next big thing when it comes to flashlights. LED flashlights can cost hundreds of dollars, depending on the kind of LED bulb used. However, you can make your own ultraviolet LED flashlight for far less. Be aware, however, that once your friends see it, they may want you to make them one also.
Preparation
1 Find an ultraviolet LED (Light Emitting Diode) from your local electronics store or online.
2 Purchase a 1/4 watt 100 ohm resistor. This also should be available at your local electronics store or online.
3 Buy a flashlight that requires up to 4 1.5 volt batteries to run when making your own ultraviolet LED flashlight.
4 Remove the bulb from the flashlight you purchased. You may have to use a scissors clamp to remove the bulb from the flashlight without breaking it. Be sure to grasp the bulb by its metal collar, and gently pull the bulb up out of its setting.
5 Hold the bulb by its collar with the scissors clamp, and heat up the base of the bulb with a soldering iron. Make sure you use eye protection as you do so.
6 Wait for the solder to cool, and then tap the scissors clamp, as it¡¯s still holding the bulb, against your work bench. You may have to do this rather sharply. By tapping the scissors clamp in this manner, you dislodge any melted solder from the LED bulb. You can choose to use a solder wick instead of tapping the scissors clamp against the workbench and achieve the same result. Basically, you want to get rid of any excess.
Creation
1 Check the bottom of the bulb to see if you made a small hole in the bulb¡¯s base when making an ultraviolet LED flashlight.
2 Solder the 100 ohm resistor to the positive lead on the flashlight you are using to make your own ultraviolet LED flashlight.
3 Bend the shorter negative lead on the LED about 90 degrees. It should extend away from the LED base.
4 Shorten the lead that¡¯s the longest by clamping a pair of scissor clamps. The clamps should rest against the LED. Clip off any excess of the lead, leaving only a little protruding beyond the scissors clamp. Shorten the leads on the 100 ohm resistor so they¡¯re up to inch long.
5 Attach the 100 ohm resistor to the positive lead by soldering it. You can use the scissors clamp as a heat sink as you do this. Do not allow the solder to flow for more than two seconds.
6 Insert the longer lead through the base of the LED bulb and through the hole you created.
Assembly
1 Make sure you put the LED bulb in a position that¡¯s as close to the original flashlight bulb when you create your own ultraviolet LED flashlight.
2 Let the resistor¡¯s free lead keep its 90-degree bend, and allow it to drop into a slot on the base¡¯s side and into the solder.
3 Keep the LED bulb centered, then bend the resistor¡¯s lead down so it¡¯s now pointing toward the base¡¯s bottom. Bend the other lead so it¡¯s now sticking out of the base at a 90-degree angle.
4 Utilize rosin flux to solder the negative lead to the solder on the side of the base when you¡¯re making your own ultraviolet LED flashlight. Remove any excess of the lead that remains. Solder the bulb¡¯s base to the lead that¡¯s extending to the base, and remove any excess.
5 Check to make sure no portion of the lead extends beyond the outer walls of the bulb¡¯s base. You may have to bend the leads to ensure this. You can make the leads flat against the bottom of the base. This will also serve as your bottom contact when you are making your own ultraviolet LED flashlight.
6 Put in the new LED bulb into the flashlight. You can make sure there¡¯s enough room for the batteries by wrapping cloth around a dowel that¡¯s the right size and making sure it fits inside. Insert the batteries and enjoy. You have just created an ultraviolet LED flashlight.
An LED driver is a regulated power supply designed to match the characteristics of an LED or array of LEDs in your application. Its primary function is to maintain consistent forward current and forward voltage required for operation of the LEDs over varying conditions. As LEDs are current devices (their brightness varies with current), maintaining consistent current is a key requirement. An LED driver may also contain additional circuitry for dimming as well as separate control of one or more LEDs. White LEDs operate at higher forward voltages than standard red, yellow, and green LEDs. However, the approach to designing drivers for them is the same.
1. Calculate the total forward voltage and current requirements. Determine the number of LEDs in your application and how they are configured. For a single LED bulb, it¡¯s just the forward voltage and forward current for that LED lighting. For multiple diodes in series, the total forward voltage is the sum of the forward voltages of all of the diodes in the series string. For multiple LEDs in a parallel circuit, the total forward voltage is the sum of the forward voltages in a single branch. The total forward current is the sum of the forward currents through all of the branches.
2. Determine the type of driver circuit. This depends not only on the requirements of the LED light but also on the power source you intend to use. If you are using a constant voltage or current source and the total power requirement is relatively low, simple current limiting using a current limiting resistor might be all that is required. If you¡¯re using LEDs in a battery-powered application, then the resistance method will not be optimal. That¡¯s because the brightness will decrease as the battery voltage decreases over time. One solution is to use a linear regulator. The regulator will maintain constant current down to it¡¯s dropout voltage (with a low dropout regulator, this will be relatively close to the battery voltage). For high-power applications, a better solution might be to use a step-up (boost) or step-down (buck) switching regulator. Switching regulators are more efficient than linear regulators, especially in applications that require high current loads.
3. Visit the websites of parts manufacturers and distributors. There is a wide variety of linear and switching LED driver ICs available from a number of manufacturers. There you will find data sheets and application notes that contain information about the characteristics of specific LED driver ICs as well as guidelines and recommendations for using them in your applications (see Resources).
Homeowners are replacing their old-fashioned incandescent bulbs with halogen bulbs. Halogen bulbs cast a brighter, whiter light than the yellow tint given off by incandescent bulbs. They last two to three times longer than incandescent bulbs. Halogen bulbs are technically incandescent bulbs, but they use a different type of gas and housing, which gives them the LED light and longer life than the traditional incandescent bulbs.
1. Turn off the electrical source for the halogen bulb.
2. Allow the halogen bulb to cool. Touching a hot bulb can cause a serious burn.
3. Place your fingers lightly but firmly around the bulb. It is a good idea to use a cloth glove or other soft cloth to avoid getting body oil on the glass surface. Turn the bulb in a counter-clockwise direction to unscrew the LED bulb from the light source.
4. Continue unscrewing until the bulb is free from the light source.
5. Place a new halogen bulb in the light source by screwing the bulb in a clockwise motion until it stops.
6. Turn on the LED light, and enjoy the bright light given off by your halogen bulb.
LED lights are often installed in the rear of cars, and include turn signals and brake lights. These brake lights are naturally bright and let motorists know when you intend to slow or stop a vehicle. Apart from their functionality, the lights improve the aesthetic appeal of a car. They are easy to install, economical, have a life span of over 50,000 hours and are usually water- and damage-resistant.
1. Switch the right turn indicator of your car on by pushing the turn signal upwards. This will trigger the LED signal, enabling it to start flashing.
2. Switch the left turn indicator of your car on by pushing the turn signal downwards. This will trigger the LED signal, enabling it to start flashing.
3. Press your car¡¯s brake pedal which will turn your LED auto lamp on. Push the pedal again if you wish to make these led lights flash again.
4. Locate the hazard button on your vehicle¡¯s dashboard and switch the hazard lights on. The location varies, depending upon your car¡¯s make, design and model. Once this button is pushed, both the LED light will begin to blink at the same time.
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